How did Fel d 1 get its name?</h2>

When Fel d 1 was first discovered, the proposed name was “cat allergen 1.” The name Fel d 1 comes from Felis domesticus</em>, which was the commonly used species name of the domestic cat at the time the allergen was officially named. Although the domestic cat’s official species name is now Felis catus</em>, the Fel d name has not been changed. The Fel d allergens were numbered in order of their discovery; Fel d 1 was the first.</p>

Do all cats produce Fel d 1?</h2>

All cats produce Fel d 1 regardless of their physical characteristics. 1-3</sup> Fel d 1 levels vary widely across individual cats. 4,5</sup> Fel d 1 is produced primarily in the salivary and sebaceous glands of the cat. 1,5-7</sup> This means that even hairless cats, like the Cornish Rex and Sphinx, produce allergens.</p>

Do cat breeds produce different levels of Fel d 1?</h2>

The production of Fel d 1 may vary somewhat by breed, but all cats produce Fel d 1. There is wide variation among individual cats regardless of breed and there are no truly hypoallergenic or allergen-free cat breeds.</p>

Is Fel d 1 production influenced by a cat’s genetics?</h2>

Yes, as with all proteins produced by the body, Fel d 1 production is controlled by the genetic makeup of a cat. 8</sup></p>

Does hair color or length influence Fel d 1 production?</h2>

Neither hair color nor hair length influences Fel d 1 production. 2-4,9</sup></p>

Does body weight influence Fel d 1 production?</h2>

Body weight does not influence Fel d 1 production. 2</sup></p>

Do cats that spend time outside produce more allergens than “indoor only” cats?</h2>

Neither indoor nor outdoor lifestyle influences Fel d 1 production. 2</sup></p>

Are there “hypoallergenic” cat breeds?</h2>

There are no truly allergen free, or “hypoallergenic,” cats. 1-2,10-11</sup> While “hypoallergenic” technically means “less allergenic,” many people use it to imply “allergen-free.” All cats produce allergens, 2,7,10</sup> even hairless cats (e.g. Cornish Rex and Sphynx) and all cats groom themselves, dispersing dander, hair and allergens into the environment.</p>

Does age influence Fel d 1 production?</h2>

Studies determining the relationship between age and Fel d 1 production have produced inconsistent results. 3,4</sup> A Purina study found that older cats tended to have lower salivary Fel d 1 levels than younger cats. 4</sup></p>

Does sex influence Fel d 1 production?</h2>

Studies have shown that intact male cats generally produce higher levels of Fel d 1 than sterilized/neutered male cats and female cats regardless of sterilization status. 2,9,12-14</sup> However, each cat’s production of Fel d 1 varies based on genetics, and an intact male cat could potentially produce less Fel d 1 than a high producing female or sterilized male cat. 13,14</sup></p>

What is the function of Fel d 1 for the cat?</h2>

The exact function of Fel d 1 in cats is still unknown, but proposed roles include pheromone signaling. 15,16</sup></p> Cats produce varying levels of Fel d 1 depending on neuter status, sex and genetics 2,7,8</sup> and can be healthy regardless of the level of Fel d 1 they produce.</p>

How common are allergies to cats, and what are the consequences of these allergies?</h2>

Allergy to cats is the most common animal-origin allergy and the second most common indoor allergy in humans. 17-19</sup> Cat allergy can be a huge barrier to cat ownership 20</sup>, and may limit the loving interactions between cat lovers and cats. Globally, as many as one in five adults (22 percent) have a response to cat allergens. 16,21</sup></p>

What causes allergies to cats?</h2>

When most people have an allergic reaction to cats, they are usually responding to one allergen in particular known as Fel d 1. 16,18</sup> Fel d 1 is the major cat allergen, causing allergic reactions in up to 95 percent of cat allergen-sensitized individuals. 9,16-18,22</sup> It is primarily produced in the salivary and sebaceous (skin) glands of cats. 1,3,6,7,9,22</sup></p> These allergens are transferred to a cat’s hair and skin during grooming, which then can be dispersed on dander (dried flakes of skin) and hair around the home. 6,7,16</sup> House dust may contain high concentrations of the Fel d 1 allergen. 19</sup> Fel d 1 easily becomes airborne, and lingers in the environment; it is also easily transported on clothing to other environments without cats (such as car interiors, classrooms, shopping centers, etc.). 9,11,16</sup> The allergic response begins when Fel d 1 binds with the immunoglobulin E (IgE) in a sensitized person's body and triggers the allergic response.</p>

How are allergies to cats usually managed?</h2>

Current methods for managing human allergies to cats focus on limiting or avoiding exposure to cats, intensive cleaning, desensitizing the allergic individual through immunotherapy, or treating the symptoms of the allergic response once triggered. 10,11,23</sup> Each of these approaches has limitations.</p>

事实与虚构

purina-institute-science-behind-the-discovery

与猫过敏原相关的谬见和误解很多，许多猫过敏者并不完全了解其过敏的实际原因。

发现科学事实，从而破除有关猫过敏的流行观点。

关于猫过敏的事实

猫毛不是引起猫过敏的原因

与普遍观点相反的是，引起过敏反应的不是猫毛。猫的唾液腺和皮脂腺（皮肤）中产生的过敏原是触发过敏个体反应的诱因……

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没有无过敏原或“低过敏性”的猫

人们普遍认为，某些品种的猫—特别是无毛品种—为“低过敏性”。虽然“低过敏性”从理论上讲是指“更低的过敏性”，但许多人使用它来表示“无过敏原”……

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毛发颜色对过敏原的产生没有影响

有一种谬见认为，深色和长毛的猫比浅色或短毛的猫更容易引发过敏。然而，毛发颜色和长度并没有影响……

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性别是与过敏原产生相关的唯一生理特征

虽然研究表明，毛发的长度和颜色对 Fel d 1 的产生没有影响，但有一个生理因素似乎确实存在关联：性别……

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避免接触猫可能无法消除过敏反应

对过敏患者最常见的建议是避免接触过敏原。因此，医生和过敏症专科医生通常建议将猫从家中带走，或至少将猫带离家中的主要生活区。^1,2

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Purina Institute 提供科学事实，以提高认识并澄清潜在误解。请参阅以下内容了解更多信息。

Fel d 1 和猫过敏的相关问答

首次发现 Fel d 1 时，建议的名称为“猫过敏原 1”。Fel d 1 这一名称来源于 Felis domesticus，在正式命名过敏原时，这是家猫常用的物种名称。尽管家养猫的官方物种名称现在是 Felis Catus，但 Fel d 的名称没有更改。按照发现的先后顺序对 Fel d 过敏原进行了编号；Fel d 1 是第一个。

没有真正的无过敏原或“低过敏性”的猫。^1-2,10-11 虽然“低过敏性”从理论上讲是指“更低的过敏性”，但许多人用它来表示“无过敏原”。所有猫都会产生过敏原，^2,7,10 甚至是无毛猫（例如 Cornish Rex 和 Sphynx）并且所有的猫都会进行自我梳理，将皮屑、毛发和过敏原分散到环境中。

当大多数人对猫有过敏反应时，他们通常会对一种过敏原作出反应，特别是称为 Fel d 1 的过敏原。^16,18 Fel d 1 是主要的猫过敏原，在高达 95% 对猫过敏原过敏的个体中引起过敏反应。^9,16-18,22 它主要在猫的唾液腺和皮脂腺（皮肤）中产生。^1,3,6,7,9,22

这些过敏原在梳理过程中会转移到猫的毛发和皮肤上，然后可以分散在家里的皮屑（皮肤的干燥薄片）和头发上。^6,7,16 室内灰尘可能含有高浓度的 Fel d 1 过敏原。¹⁹ Fel d 1 很容易通过空气传播，并残留在环境中；它也很容易在没有猫的情况下随着衣服运送到其他环境中（例如汽车内部、教室、购物中心等）。^9,11,16 当 Fel d 1 与过敏者体内的免疫球蛋白 E (IgE) 结合并触发过敏反应时，过敏反应便开始了。

了解有关这一发现的更多信息，以及这对猫和照顾猫的人的生活意味着什么：

过敏负荷

突破

人类影响

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1. Butt, A., Rashid, D., & Lockey, R. (2012). Do hypoallergenic cats and dogs exist? Annals of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, 108(2), 74-76. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2011.12.005

2. Nicholas, C., Wegienka, G., & Havstad, S. (2008). Influence of cat characteristics on Fel d 1 levels in homes. Annals of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, 101(1), 47-50. doi: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60834-4

3. Kelly, S.M., Karsh, J., Marcelo, J., Boeckh, D., Stepner, N., Litt, D.,...Yang, W.H. (2018). Fel d 1 and Fel d4 levels in cat fur, saliva and urine. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 142, 1990-1992.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.07.033

4. Bastien, B.C., Gardner, C., Satyaraj, E. (2019). Wide range of yearly salivary Fel d 1 in domestic shorthair cats. Accepted, Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery.

5. Platts-Mills, T.A.E., Vervioet, D., Thomas, W.R., Aalberse, R.C., & Chapman, M.D. (1997). Indoor allergens and asthma: Report of the Third International Workshop. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 100, S1-S24.

6. Dabrowski, A., Van der Brempt, X., Soler, M., Seguret, N., Lucciani, P., Charpin, D., & Vervloet, D. (1990). Cat skin as an important source of Fel d 1 allergen. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 86, 462-465.

7. Bartholome, K., Kissler, W., Baer, H., Kopietz-Schulte E., & Wahn, U. (1985). Where does cat allergen 1 come from? Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 76, 503-506. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(85)90734-1

8. Morgenstern, J.P., Griffith, I.J., Brauer, A.W., Rogers, B.L., Bond, J.F., Chapman, M.D., & Kuo, M.C. (1991). Amino acid sequence of Fel dI, the major allergen of the domestic cat: Protein sequence analysis and cDNA cloning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 88(21), 9690-9694.

9. Bonnet, B., Messaoudi, K., Jacomet, F., Michaud, E., Fauquert, J.L., Caillaud, D., & Evrard, B. (2018). An update on molecular cat allergens: Fel d 1 and what else? Chapter 1: Fel d 1, the major cat allergen. Allergy Asthma & Clinical Immunology, 14. doi: 10.1186/s13223-018-0239-8

10. Dávila, I., Dominguez-Ortega, J., Navarro-Pulido, A., Alonso, A., Antolin-Amerigo, D., Gonzalez-Mancebo, E.,…Torrecillas, M. (2018). Consensus document on dog and cat allergy. Allergy, 73, 1206-1222. doi: 10.1111/all.13391

11. Salo, P.M., Cohn, R.D., & Zeldin, D.C. (2018). Bedroom allergen exposure beyond house dust mites. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports, 18, 52-68. doi: 10.1007/s11882-018-0805-7

12. Zielonka, T., Charpin, D., Berbis, P., Luciani, P., Cassanova, D., & Vervloet, D. (1994). Effects of castration and testosterone on Fel d 1 production by sebaceous glands of male cats: I. Immunological assessment. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 24(12), 1169-1173.

13. Ramadour, M., Birbnaum, J., Magalon, C., Lanteaume, A., Charpin, D., & Vervloet, D. (1998). Cat sex differences in major allergen production (Fel d 1). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 10(2-1), 282-284.

14. Jalil-Colome, J., de Andrade, A.D., Birnbaum, J., Casanova, D., Mége, J.L., Lanteaume, A., Charpin, D., & Vervloet, D. (1996). Sex difference in Fel d 1 allergen production. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 98(1), 165-168.

15. Durairaj, R., Pageat, P., & Bienboire-Frosini, C. (2018). Another cat and mouse game: deciphering the evolution of the SCGB superfamily and exploring the molecular singularity of major cat allergen Fel d 1 and mouse ABP using computational approaches. PLoS ONE, 13(5), e0197618; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197618

16. Zahradnik, E., & Raulf, M. (2017). Respiratory allergens from furred mammals: Environmental and occupational exposure. Veterinary Sciences, 4(3), 38. doi: 10.3390/vetsci4030038.

17. Morris, D. (2010). Human allergy to environmental pet danders: A public health perspective. Veterinary Dermatology, 21(5), 441-449. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2010.00882.x

18. van Ree, R., van Leeuwen, W., Bulder, I., Bond, J., & Aalberse, R. (1999). Purified natural and recombinant Fel d 1 and cat albumin in vitro diagnostics for cat allergy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 104(6), 1223-1230.

19. Black, K.R., Murphy, B., Filep, S., Brook, J., Subbarao, P., Turvey, S., … Chapman, M.D. (2018). Comparison of Fel d 1 and Fel d4 levels in house dust samples from the Canadian CHILD birth cohort. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 141(2), AB7.

20. Svanes, C., Zock, J.P., Anto, J., Dharmage, S., Norback, D., Wjst, M., … Early Life Working Group of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey. (2006). Do asthma and allergy influence subsequent pet keeping? An analysis of childhood and adulthood. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 118(3), 691-698. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.06.017

21. Bousquet, P.J., Chinn, S., Janson, C., Kogevinas, M., Burney, P., & Jarvis, D. (2007) European Community Respiratory Health Survey I. Geographical variation in the prevalence of positive skin tests to environmental aeroallergens in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey I. Allergy, 62(3), 301-309.

22. Chan, S.K., & Leung, D.Y.M. (2018).Dog and cat allergies: Current state of diagnostic approaches and challenges. Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Research, 10, 97-105. doi: 10.4168/aair.2018.10.2.97

23.Björnsdottir, U. S., Jakobinudottir, S., Runarsdottir, V. & Juliusson S. (2003). The effect of reducing levels of cat allergen (Fel d 1) on clinical symptoms in patients with cat allergy. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 91, 189-194.

事实与虚构

与猫过敏原相关的谬见和误解很多，许多猫过敏者并不完全了解其过敏的实际原因。

关于猫过敏的事实

Fel d 1 和猫过敏的相关问答

Fel d 1 是如何得名的？

所有的猫都会产生 Fel d 1 吗？

不同的猫品种是否会产生不同水平的 Fel d 1？

Fel d 1 的产生是否受猫的遗传因素影响？

毛发颜色或长度是否会影响 Fel d 1 的产生？

体重是否影响 Fel d 1 的产生？

在户外活动的猫是否比“只在室内活动”的猫产生更多的过敏原？

是否存在“低过敏性”猫品种？

年龄是否影响 Fel d 1 的产生？

性别是否影响 Fel d 1 的产生？

Fel d 1 对猫有什么作用？

对猫过敏有多常见？这些过敏的后果是什么？

对猫过敏的原因是什么？

通常如何处理对猫的过敏？

相关内容

了解有关这一发现的更多信息，以及这对猫和照顾猫的人的生活意味着什么：

了解更多信息