食物碗与听诊器图标

治疗性营养

针对具有营养敏感健康状况的猫犬需求的实用信息。

牙齿/口腔健康问题

猫犬牙龈炎和牙周炎

牙周病是猫犬中最常见的疾病之一。1,2 它是由于机体对牙齿上（牙龈线上下）沉积的牙菌斑产生炎症反应所致。牙周病可按严重程度进行分类：

  • 最先出现牙龈炎，且炎症仅限于牙龈组织。通过适当且持续的管理，此阶段的炎症被视为具有可逆性。3-5
  • 但是，如果未对牙龈炎进行治疗，则可能进展为牙周炎。在此阶段，牙周韧带附着组织和相邻牙槽骨（支持性结缔组织和骨骼）开始发生损坏。最终可能会导致牙齿脱落。牙周炎不可逆，但可以控制。3-5
牙齿红色通用图标

减少牙菌斑和牙石堆积是预防和管理牙周病的关键。3,5 综合性的口腔卫生终生管理包括机械途径（如刷牙和定期专业洁牙及抛光）和非机械途径，两者都采用了营养成分。3,5

重要信息

  • 研究显示，专门配制的磨牙饮食和咀嚼物可减少猫犬的牙菌斑和牙石。6-14 磨牙饮食和咀嚼物可采用机械和/或非机械作用机制：
    • 虽然与湿粮相比，任何宠物干粮都有助于减少牙菌斑和牙石，15,16 但是专门配制的磨牙饮食和咀嚼物更有效。6,7 优化磨牙宠物粮和咀嚼物的大小、表面积、形状、质地和/或密度，可以延长咀嚼时间并增加与牙齿和牙龈的接触，以便宠物在咀嚼时刮去牙菌斑和牙石。6-10,12,14 例如，增加宠物粮的大小，为咀嚼物设计凹凸表面，以增加与牙齿和牙龈的接触；而为了延长咀嚼时间，可能会加入纤维。8,10,17
      • 磨牙饮食或咀嚼物上的 VOHC（美国兽医口腔健康委员会）认证标志表明按照说明使用时，该产品符合 VOHC 抑制牙菌斑和牙石堆积的标准。17
      • 虽然一些研究表明咀嚼骨头有助于去除牙菌斑和牙石，18,19 但也有其他研究表明投喂骨骼存在潜在风险，例如牙齿断裂、食管异物引起的呛噎或穿孔。20-23 病原菌可能污染生骨和饮食，对宠物和家庭中的人类均构成风险。24-26 请避免为宠物投喂骨头。 
    • 磨牙食品和咀嚼物中可能会添加以下成分，以利用非机械方式减少或防止牙菌斑和牙石堆积：7,9,27
      • 无机磷酸盐（例如焦磷酸盐和三聚磷酸钠）、螯合钙，以抑制牙菌斑矿化形成牙石。7,9,27
      • 可溶性锌盐（例如抗坏血酸锌）是抗菌剂，可抑制牙菌斑中的细菌滋生。9,10,14,27
  • 针对处于健康状态以及不同牙周病阶段的猫犬的研究正在进行中，目的是发现牙菌斑菌群的差异。28-33 探索益生菌是否可改变猫犬口腔微生物群组成的初步研究显示出各种不同的结果。34-36 需要开展进一步的研究，以确定益生菌或益生元是否可以通过作用于牙周病原体来抑制牙菌斑和牙石堆积。 
  • 尽管牙菌斑沉积是牙周病的重要原因，但钙、磷、维生素 A、C、D 和 B 族维生素，以及蛋白质等营养物质的不足或失衡也可能对牙周组织的健康产生负面影响，例如导致牙槽骨吸收，特别是在幼犬和幼猫中。全面均衡的营养对口腔健康的发育和维持至关重要。10
  • 由于牙周病可能会引起疼痛，应为食欲下降的宠物排除患有牙周病的可能性。
对话开场白背景图片

“您的爱宠患有牙周病，这可能会很痛苦。如果不进行治疗，您爱宠的牙周病可能会进一步恶化，最终导致牙齿脱落。在进行专业的洁牙和抛光后，我们可以使用磨牙饮食或咀嚼物，帮助减少宠物牙齿出现新的牙菌斑沉积。”

相关工具和内容：

猫犬口臭

营养可在宠物口臭的管理中发挥作用。

查看简介 1 分钟至 5 分钟

参考文献

  1. Lund, E. M., Armstrong, P. J., Kirk, C. A., Kolar, L. M., & Klausner, J. S. (1999). Health status and population characteristics of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 214, 1336–1341.
  2. O’Neill, D. G., Church, D. B., McGreevy, P. D., Thomson, P. C., & Brodbelt, D. C. (2014). Prevalence of disorders recorded in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e90501. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090501
  3. Perry, R., & Tutt, C. (2015). Periodontal disease in cats: Back to basics – with an eye on the future. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 17(1), 45–65. doi: 10.1177/1098612X14560099
  4. Harvey, C. E. (1998).Periodontal disease in dogs: Etiopathogenesis, prevalence, and significance.Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 28(5), 1111–1128.
  5. Albuquerque, C., Morinha, F., Requicha, J., Martins, T., Dias, I., Guedes-Pinto, H., Bastos, E., & Viegas, C. (2012). Canine periodontitis: The dog as an important model for periodontal studies. The Veterinary Journal, 191, 299–305.
  6. Clarke, D. E., Servet, E., Hendriks, W., Thomas, D. G., Weidgraaf, K., & Biourge, V. C. (2010).Effect of kibble size, shape, and additives on plaque in cats.Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 27(2), 84-89.
  7. Hennet, P., Servet, E., Soulard, Y., & Biourge, V. (2007).Effect of pellet food size and polyphosphates in preventing calculus accumulation in dogs.Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 24(4), 236-239. doi: 10.1177/089875640702400405
  8. Ingham, K. E., Gorrel, C., & Bierer, T. L. (2002).Effect of a dental chew on dental substrates and gingivitis in cats.Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 19(4), 201-204.
  9. Mateo, A., Torre, C., Crusafont, J., Sallas, A., & Jeusette, I. C. (2020).Evaluation of efficacy of a dental chew to reduce gingivitis, dental plaque, calculus, and halitosis in toy breed dogs.Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 37(1), 22–28. doi: 10.1177/0898756420926766
  10. Logan, E. I. (2006).Dietary influences on periodontal health in dogs and cats.Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 36, 1385–1401. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.09.002
  11. Gorrel, C., Inskeep, G., & Inskeep, T. (1998). Benefits of a ‘dental hygiene chew’ on the periodontal health of cats. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 15(3), 135-138.
  12. Gorrel, C., Warrick, J., & Bierer, T. L. (1999).Effect of a new dental hygiene chew on periodontal health in dogs.Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 16(2), 77-81.
  13. Gorrel, C., & Bierer, T. L. (1999).Long term effects of a dental hygiene chew on the periodontal health of dogs.Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 16(3), 109-113.
  14. Jeusette, I. C., Román, A. M., Torre, C., Crusafont, J., Sánchez, M. C., Pérez-Salcedo, L., & Herrera, D. (2016). 24-hour evaluation of dental plaque bacteria and halitosis after consumption of a single placebo or dental treat by dogs.American Journal of Veterinary Research, 77(6), 613–619. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.77.6.613
  15. Gawor, J. P., Reiter, A. M., Jodkowska, K., Kurski, G., Wojtacki, M. P., & Kurek, A. (2006). Influence of diet on oral health in cats and dogs. Journal of Nutrition, 136(7 Suppl), 2021S–2023S. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.7.2021S
  16. Buckley, C., Colyer, A., Skrzywanek, M., Jodkowska, K., Kurski, G., Gawor, J., & Ceregrzyn, M. (2011). The impact of home-prepared diets and home oral hygiene on oral health in cats and dogs. British Journal of Nutrition, 106(Suppl 1), S124–S127. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511000821
  17. Bellows, J., Berg, M. L., Dennis, S., Harvey, R., Lobprise, H. B., Snyder, C. J., Stone, A. E. S., & Van de Wetering, A. G. (2019). 2019 AAHA dental care guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 55, 1–21. doi: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6933
  18. Marx, F. R., Machado, G. S., Pezzali, J. G., Marcolla, C. S., Kessler, A. M., Ahlstrøm, Ø., & Trevizan, L. (2016). Raw beef bones as chewing items to reduce dental calculus in beagle dogs. Australian Veterinary Journal, 94(1–2), 18–23. doi: 10.1111/avj.12394
  19. Pinto, C. F. D., Lehr, W., Pignone, V. N., Chain, C. P., & Trevizan, L. (2020). Evaluation of teeth injuries in Beagle dogs caused by autoclaved beef bones used as a chewing item to remove dental calculus. PLoS One, 15(2), e0228146. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228146
  20. Gianella, P., Pfammatter, N. S., & Burgener, I. A. (2009). Oesophageal and gastric endoscopic foreign body removal: Complications and follow-up of 102 dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 50(12), 649–654. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00845.x
  21. Rousseau, A., Prittie, J., Broussard, J. D., Fox, P. R., & Hoskinson, J. (2007). Incidence and characterization of esophagitis following esophageal foreign body removal in dogs: 60 cases (1999–2003). Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 17(2), 159–163. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2007.00227.x
  22. Thompson, H. C., Cortes, Y., Gannon, K., Bailey, D., & Freer, S. (2012). Esophageal foreign bodies in dogs: 34 cases (2004-2009).Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 22(2), 253-261. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2011.00700.x
  23. Van Valkenburgh, B., Peterson, R. O., Smith, D. W., Stahler, D. R., & Vucetich, J. A. (2019). Tooth fracture frequency in gray wolves reflects prey availability. eLife, 8, e48628. doi: 10.7554/eLife.48628
  24. Hellgren, J., Hästö, L. S., Wikström, C., Fernström, L., & Hansson, I. (2019). Occurrence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Clostridium and Enterobacteriaceae in raw meat-based diets for dogs. Veterinary Record, 184, 442.
  25. van Bree, F. P. J., Bokken, G. C. A. M., Mineur, R., Franssen, F., Opsteegh, M., van der Giessen, J. W. B., Lipman, L. J. A., & Overgaauw, P. A. M. (2018). Zoonotic bacteria and parasites found in raw meat-based diets for cats and dogs. Veterinary Record, 182, 50.
  26. Nemser, S. M., Doran, T., Grabenstein, M., McConnell, T., McGrath, T., Pamboukian, R., Smith, A. C., Achen, M., Danzeisen, G., Kim, S., Liu, Y., Robeson, S., Rosario, G., McWilliams Wilson, K., & Reimschuessel, R. (2014). Investigation of Listeria, Salmonella, and toxigenic Escherichia coli in various pet foods. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 11(9), 706–709. doi: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1748
  27. Roudebush, P., Logan, E., & Hale, F. A. (2005).Evidence-based veterinary dentistry: A systematic review of homecare for prevention of periodontal disease in dogs and cats.Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 22(1), 6–15.
  28. Pereira, A. M., Maia, M. R. G., Fonseca, A. J. M., & Cabrita, A. R. J. (2021). Zinc in dog nutrition, health and disease: A review. Animals, 11, 978. doi: 10.3390/ani11040978
  29. Nishiyama, S. A. B., Senhorinho, G. N. A., Gioso, M. A., & Avila-Campos, M. J. (2007). Detection of putative periodontal pathogens in subgingival specimens of dogs. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 38, 23–28.
  30. Ӧzavci, V., Erbas, G., Parin, U., Yüksel, H. T., & Kirkan, S. (2019). Molecular detection of feline and canine periodontal pathogens. Veterinary and Animal Science, 100069. doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2019.100069
  31. Davis, I. J., Wallis, C., Deusch, O., Colyer, A., Milella, L., Loman, N., & Harris, S. (2013). A cross-sectional survey of bacterial species in plaque from client owned dogs with healthy gingiva, gingivitis or mild periodontitis. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e83158. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083158
  32. Wallis, C., Marshall, M., Colyer, A., O’Flynn, C., Deusch, O., & Harris, S. (2015). A longitudinal assessment of changes in bacterial community composition associated with the development of periodontal disease in dogs. Veterinary Microbiology, 181, 271–282.
  33. Mallonee, D. H., Harvey, C. E., Venner, M., & Hammond, B. F. (1988). Bacteriology of periodontal disease in the cat. Archives of Oral Biology, 33(9), 677–683. doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(88)90123-9
  34. Bell, S. E., Nash, A. K., Zanghi, B. M., Otto, C. M., & Perry, E. B. (2020). An assessment of the stability of the canine oral microbiota after probiotic administration in healthy dogs over time. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 616. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00616
  35. Mäkinen, V.-M., Märyä, A., & Munukka, E. (2019). Improving the health of teeth in cats and dogs with live probiotic bacteria. Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications, 9, 275–283. doi: 10.4236/jcdsa.2019.94024
  36. Kang, M.-S., Lee, D.-S., Lee, S.-A., Kim, M.-S., & Nam, S.-H. (2020). Effects of probiotic bacterium Weissella cibaria CMU on periodontal health and microbiota: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Oral Health, 20, 243. doi: 10.1186/s12903-020-01231-2